Chapter3 OS Essentials Essays - 633 Words

CHAPTER 3 Exercises 3.6 What are the differences among short-term, medium term, and long-term scheduling? Answer: The short-term scheduler selects from the ready processes the next process to run and gives it the CPU. The long-term scheduler selects from the pool of processes that are waiting on disk and loads the selected processes into memory. These processes have not yet begun their execution. The medium-term scheduler takes processes that are currently in memory and selects those to be swapped out to disk. These processes will be swapped back in at a later point. This is done to improve process mix or because of memory requirements like overcommitted and needs to free up memory. A primary difference is in the frequency†¦show more content†¦Describe the undesirable circumstances that could arise from not enforcing either the at most once or exactly once semantics. Describe possible uses for a mechanism that had neither of these guarantees. Answer: If an RPC mechanism could not support either the â€Å"at most once† or â€Å"at least once† semantics, then the RPC server cannot guarantee that a remote procedure will not be invoked multiple occurrences. Consider if a remote procedure were withdrawing money from a bank account on a system that did not support these semantics. It is possible that a single invocation of the remote procedure might lead to multiple withdrawals on the server. For a system to support either of these semantics generally requires the server maintain some form of client state such as the timestamp described in the text. If a system were unable to support either of these semantics, then such a system could only safely provide remote procedures that do not alter data or provide time-sensitive results. Using our bank account as an example, we certainly require â€Å"at most once† or â€Å"at least once† semantics for performing a withdrawal or deposit. However, an inquiry i nto an account balance or other 3.12 Using the program shown in Figure 3.30, explain what the output will be at Line A. Answer: The output will be Parent: Value = 5. Once theShow MoreRelatedNatural Language Processing ( Nlp )7704 Words   |  31 Pagesappropriately reflected by the phrase mining knowledge from data. However, once coined, this term has been used for decades and analysts have become accustomed to this word. Also known as Knowledge Discovery from Data, or KDD, Data Mining is an essential step in knowldege discovery. Regarding the actual Sentiment Analyzer, Python will be used. Python is part of a winning formula for productivity, software quality, and maintainability at many companies and institutions across the globe. It s extensivelyRead MoreExxon Mobile Capstone40455 Words   |  162 Pagesbuyer A1 high A2 high Sc 5 R1 1 R2 Reason Buyer Power 1 All oil refineries produce the same oil with standard grades. The buyers are the households and commercial transportation. They are price sensitive. Transportation is essential to households and commercial transportation industry. Hence product is significantly important to the buyer. Electricity and household use of natural gas too is important to households With the rising oil prices, households are increasingly paying

John Was Preaching Against Rome - 1867 Words

John was preaching against Rome in Revelation In the late first century a follower of Jesus of Nazareth, John of Patmos, received a vision of the end the world. John later wrote this vision down and his writing has come down to modernity as The Book of Revelation also known as The Apocalypse of John. When John wrote Revelation was he using it as a coded message to preach against Rome? In this vision, John saw many images that could be read as Rome or Roman if viewed from a historical context. Subsequent generations have interpreted the imagery within their own historical context. With this paper I will argue that Revelation pertains to the Roman world and culture that John and his followers were living in, the events in Judea that are thought to have occurred within his life time and that John used some of the same imagery to connect his writing to the Hebrew Bible. There are two main competing dates for the writing of Revelation, an early date of 69-70 and a later date of 90-92. This paper will be using the 69-70 date and will be providing evidence to prove why this date works better for the context of this paper. First this paper will establish the time frame in which John wrote Revelation. George H. van Kooten’s article, The Year of the Four Emperors and the Revelation of John: The ‘pro-Neronian’ Emperors Otho and Vitellius, and the Images and Colossus of Nero in Rome, from Journal for the Study of the New Testament points, â€Å"In the midst of this war (in 68),Show MoreRelated The Trial of Jesus Essay1484 Words   |  6 Pagesthe wonders of history.† ( Hexter 50) Hexters interpretation of the trial of Jesus begins with the charge of sedition. â€Å"...charges with sedition for claiming to be king of the Jews, a claim he refused to disavow, Jesus was condemned to death that Rome inflicted on criminals. He was nailed to a cross and left there until he died...† (Hexter 63) It is apparent that there is evidence for the claim of sedition such as the power Jesus hel d when acting out miracles to the public and also the act of JesusRead MoreActs of the Apostles Essay examples1496 Words   |  6 PagesThis chapter deals with the ascension of Jesus to heaven as witnessed by his apostles. Shortly after the ascension, the eleven apostles set forth to Jerusalem where they discussed the need to replace Judas. They proposed Joseph called Barsabbas, who was also known as Justus, and a man named Matthias. They gave lots to them and the lot fell upon Matthias, and he became the replacement for Judas. Chapter 2 The coming of the Holy Spirit appears in the form of tongues of fire and descends on thousandsRead MoreQuestions and Answers Bible Studies and Faith657 Words   |  3 Pagesbible verse and /or passage in scripture to aid your response. Presently God is leading His people with prophetic preaching and teachings.In Daniel chapter 2, Daniel interprets King Nebuchadnezzar’s dream of the statue.The prophecy is fulfilled when the first kingdom Babylon falls another kingdom Medo-Persia rises. After the second kingdom Medo-Persia, Greece rises, followed by Rome. When a prophecy is fulfilled it gives us proof of Gods existence.â€Å"And without faith it is impossible to please GodRead MoreSummary Of First Missionary Journey 2422 Words   |  10 PagesActs describes how Paul was ministering in Antioch with Barnabas, when he was directed by the Holy Spirit to be released from his Church duties. The Holy Spirit had another assignment for Paul, and that was to go and take the Gospel more widely. Some believe that this notion came from the Holy Spirit through fasting and prayer. Paul began his first missionary in the town of Antioch. Throughout Paul’s first missionary journey he was accompanied by Barnabas and B arnabas cousin John Mark. God gave PaulRead More New Testament Synopsis Essay2205 Words   |  9 Pagesbirth and death of Jesus of Nazareth, but detail his life and teaching including minutiae which parallel portions of the Old Testament - and one would think this truth would have been recognized by more of His contemporaries. The rejection that was experienced by Christ in his day opened the door for redemption for the uttermost parts of the world, after which Israel is finally restored to Him. The book of Acts continues the story of God’s redemption of all-He-Wills. The church are ruled byRead MoreEssay on The Pauline Epistles I1141 Words   |  5 PagesThis letter was written a few months after the first. A date from 55-56 AD is generally accepted for this letter. Timothy had not met with much success and Paul wrote this letter to further his position in the first letter and to address concerns that arose out of his previous epistles. The second Letter to the Church at Corinth is the supplement of the first. It is due to the same circumstances which called out the first, and to the effects that were produced in the church at Corinth by theRead MoreThe Medieval Period Of The Middle Ages1183 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Medieval Period the Roman Church was the dominated church. The church controlled religion, philosophy, morals, politics, art and education. In addition, many practices from the Middle Ages laid the foundations to today’s modern world. Charles the Greats of the franks, also known as Charlemagne was a Medieval Emperor during 800. Ruling majority of Europe by spreading the outbreak of religion and culture. Charles the Great was a man of knowledge, as he was fluent in Latin, he studied Greek andRead MoreIn The Book Of Revelation, John Writes An Apocalyptic Letter1654 Words   |  7 PagesIn the book of Revelation, John writes an apocalyptic letter each to the seven churches in the ancient Roman providence of Asia (The Bible Project). Before writing the letters, John of Patmos, or another John, is persecuted for preaching the Gospel; as punishment, he is exiled on an island called Patmos where he meets Jesus in a vision, seeing the risen Savior in His full glory. This becomes the start of Revelation where Jesus would tell John about the present events likely to happen with the futureRead MoreMark : The Gospel Of Mark Essay714 Words   |  3 PagesMark: The Gospel of Mark tells the story of Jesus Christ’s li fe from when he was baptized by John the Baptist until the days of his death, and his resurrection. Mark was the second of four Gospels although some Scholars argue and insist Mark was the first Gospel written 1. Mark was written by John Mark in AD 65, with a target audience of Roman Christian beleivers 2. Mark was written in a unique manner in regards to literary genre, as it contains figures of speech, and portray life situations in aRead More Changing Policy on Medieval Heresy Essay1255 Words   |  6 PagesHamilton 4). The Eastern Orthodox Church, located in Constantinople, spoke out greatly against heresy: ?The Faith of the three hundreds and eighteen fathers assembled at Nicaea...shall not be set aside, but shall remain firm. And every heresy shall be anathematized? (Roach 10). The Church despised heresies and tried to abolish heresy using any method they could (Moore 8-10). Heresy?s spread through Europe was not appreciated by the Church, but it remained unquestioned by the larger part of the civilian

Plato’s 4 Virtues Free Essays

The Four Virtues of the Republic In the Republic, Plato sets up a framework to help us establish what the four virtues are, and their relationship between them to both the city and the soul. According to Plato, the four virtues are wisdom, courage, moderation, and justice. There are three classes within the city: guardians, auxiliaries, and artisans; and three parts within the soul include intellect, high-spirited, and appetitive. We will write a custom essay sample on Plato’s 4 Virtues or any similar topic only for you Order Now By understanding the different classes of the city or parts of the soul, one will be able to appreciate how the virtues attribute to each one specifically. Book II of the Republic opens with Plato’s two brothers, both who want to know which is the better life to live: the just or the unjust. First, Socrates wants to know, â€Å"what justice and injustice are and what power each itself has when it’s by itself in the soul† (Cahn 130). One needs to understand what the soul is before one can talk about virtue because the relationship between the soul and virtue is excellence. This sets up the foundation that the structure of the soul and the city are similar in relation to the four virtues. In order for Socrates to accomplish this, he needs to examine the larger one first, the city, representing the ontological. Then, he is going to examine the smaller one, the soul, representing the epistemological. The establishment of each of these will display how the two mirror off one another, allowing the relationship between the city and the soul to become visible. Plato sets out the depiction that the city comes into being because not everyone is self-sufficient, but rather everyone needs different things in order to survive. Each person in the city is going to have one specific function to perform, which establishes the proper order of a just city contains three different classes: the guardians, the auxiliaries, and the artisans. In having established this ideal city, one can determine that it is completely good, therefore, it should be seen as wise, courageous, moderate, and just. Each one of the classes established in the city relates to a particular virtue. For the guardian class, â€Å"a whole city established according to nature would be wise because of the smallest class and part in it, namely, the governing or ruling one. And to this class, which seems to be by nature the smallest, belongs a share of the knowledge that alone among all the other kinds of knowledge is to be called wisdom† (Cahn 144). The intellect the guardians possess, allows the city to have good judgment and be considered wise by the people, since so few have this ability. This helps them pass legislation allowing all of the other classes to be in harmony with one another bringing the city to a state of unity. For the auxiliary class, â€Å"the city is courageous, then, because of a part of itself that has the power to preserve through everything its belief about what things are to be feared† (Cahn 144). The auxiliaries demonstrate this kind of preservation about what is to be feared and what is not to be feared and under no circumstances do they abandon their beliefs because of pains, pleasures, desires, or fears. As they fear the destruction of the city and anything that will bring it about, â€Å"this power to preserve through everything the correct and law-inculcated belief about what is to be feared and what isn’t is what I call courage† (Cahn 145). Their determination to remain dedicated to being courageous will lead to justice within the city. For the artisan class, â€Å"moderation spreads throughout the whole. It makes the weakest, the strongest, and those in between†¦all sing the same song together. And this unanimity, this agreement between the naturally worse and the naturally better as to which of the two is to rule both in the city and in each one, is rightly called moderation† (Cahn 146). By willingly accepting the dictates of the guardians by not objecting the legislation they pass, they are putting the city in a state of harmony. It can clearly be seen that only when each class is properly performing its particular role within the city, will justice be able to prevail. For Plato, â€Å"Justice, I think, is exactly what we said must be established throughout the city when we were founding it†¦everyone must practice one of the occupations in the city for which he is naturally best suited† (Cahn 147). This only happens when the city is not in a state of internal conflict with itself allowing the highest principle, good, to be seen; making it the most unified, therefore being just. Since the proper order of the city has now been established, it is time to turn inward to one’s soul to determine where justice and injustice might lie, and what the difference is between the two. Plato believes, â€Å"if an individual has these same three parts in his soul, we will expect him to be correctly called by the same names as the city if he has the same conditions in them† (Cahn 148). Now that Plato has found the four virtues within the larger environment of the city, he now wants to investigate their relationship to the smaller environment of the soul. The first part of the soul that calculates is considered rational by having the ability to make good judgment, known as its intellect. The second part of the soul that desires certain indulgences and pleasures; such as, food, drink, and sex, is considered irrational and is known as its appetitive part. The third part of the soul is known as the high-spirited, which allows a person to get angry by giving way to the use of their emotions. The appetite of one’s soul draws a person towards things, while the intellect of one’s soul pushes that person away, thus creating two different parts. The high-spirited is, â€Å"a third thing in the soul that is by nature the helper of the rational part† (Cahn 151). Originally, the spirited part was thought of as being appetitive; however, when there is a civil war within one’s soul, the anger of the high-spirit allies with the rational part of the soul. Now that the three different parts of the soul have been identified, it is clear that, â€Å"the same number and the same kinds of classes as are in the city are also in the soul of each individual†¦Therefore, it necessarily follows that the individual is wise in the same way and in the same part of himself as the city† (Cahn 151-152). Accordingly, the intellect of the soul should rule, as the guardian class does in the city because they both display the virtue of wisdom allowing them to exercise understanding on behalf of the whole soul and city. Similarly, the high-spirit of the soul should use anger, as the auxiliary class does in the city because they both demonstrate the virtue of courage allowing them to maintain proper order and harmony needed to establish justice. When the two parts of the soul and the city work together, the virtue of moderation is exhibited; because the soul’s appetitive part and city’s artisan class will be working together to maintain a state of unity. As seen with the city, justice will only emerge in the soul when each of the three parts are properly ordered and in a state of harmony with one another. In the city, the guardians and auxiliaries exist in order to control and direct the artisan class; while in the soul, the intellect and high-spirit exist in order to rule over the appetites of the individual. Justice in the city and soul are related to one another because, â€Å"in truth justice is, it seems, something of this sort†¦binds together those parts and any others there may be in between, and from having been many things he becomes entirely one, moderate and harmonious† (Cahn 153). When an individual is acting justly, then they are being true to the three parts of their soul, allowing the virtue of justice to surface. When each of the three classes in the city are properly performing their roles, then is the virtue of justice displayed. Plato describes justice as the perfect harmony between the parts both within the soul and within the city as the best possible combination to illustrate all four of the virtues. How to cite Plato’s 4 Virtues, Essay examples

cosmetic animal testing Essay Example For Students

cosmetic animal testing Essay English 112 April 2, 1999 Page 1Cosmetic Testing on Animals When most people go to the store to purchase cosmetics and household cleaners they usuallydont put too much thought into it. Most people do not realize that 14 million animals die andsuffer each year for these products that are almost meaningless to humans. (Shah, abstract)Cosmetic animal testing is a very big problem that gets greatly overlooked. It is a problem thathas lasted for centuries. As a matter of fact, according to the All for Animals Newsletter, animaltesting on cosmetics goes way back to the seventeenth century when animals were believed tofeel no pain. After it was proven that they could feel pain the testing stopped for a while. However, it began again in 1933 when a woman died from a mascara. After that incident theFood and Drug Administration passed an act for animal testing on cosmetics.(Issue 1) However,that act is no longer in effect, but companies continue to test on animals. There are several different types of tests used on animals each day. The two most commonones are the Draize Test and the LD50. The Draize test is an eye test named after a man by thename of John Draize. This test involves dropping a substance into an animals eye and watchingthe results.(All for Animals Newsletter, Issue 1) This test is usually preformed on albino rabbits,and it is done by clipping their eyes back. The painful results of this test include swelling of theeyelids, inflammation of the iris, ulceration, bleeding, blindness, and death resulting from brokennecks.(the animal breaks their neck in an attempt to get free). The LD50 or Lethal Dose 50 ispreformed by force-feeding a substance to a group of animals until fifty percent of them dies. Substances may also be pumped into the animals stomach, injected under the skin, into a vein, orinto the lining of the abdomen. This test, as well as the Draize test, is preformed withoutadministering no kind of painkillers.(Shah, abstract) Many health professionals agree that thesetests are crude and imprecise. (Shah, abstract) However, many scientist agree that these tests arevital in obtaining scientific test results that are reliable and accurate.(Health safety alliance,abstract) Page 2 No matter what any scientist says about cosmetic animal testing, there are reliablealternatives. As a matter of fact, some scientist have actually said that these alternatives arefaster, cheaper, and provide better information.( Health safety alliance, abstract) So what arethese alternatives? There are many of them. One very common one is the use of cell cultures,which is artificially grown cell cultures that come from the upper part of the skin and they reactjust like normal skin.(Chang, 1998) A ccording to Prof. Hans Junginger, this is the easiest way totest new ingredients as well as finished products. He also mentions that using these cultures willsave money as well as lives of animals.(abstract) Another popular alternative is the use ofcorneas from eye banks. This, of course, replaces the Draize test. (Shah, abstract) The followingare some more effective alternatives given in issue 2 of the All for Animals Newsletter: Eyetex: A test-tube procedure that measures eye irritancy via a protein alteration system. This replaces the Draize test. Skintex: A test-tube method to access skin irritancy that uses pumpkin rind to mimic thereaction of a foreign substance on human skin. Epi pack: Uses cloned human tissue to test potentially harmful substances. Neutral Red Bioassey: Cultured human cells that are used to compute the absorption of awater-soluble dye to measure relative toxicity. Testskin: Human skin grown in plastic bags is used to test irritancy. Topkat: computer software program that measures toxicity, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity,and teratonogenicity. So with all of these alternatives that are more cost effective, better predictors of human injury,provide quicker results, and dont hurt animals: Why dont all companies use them? The answeris that they have a fear for human safety and they fear product liability suits. There are no laws that say cosmetics have to be tested on animals nor is there one that says thatthey cant be tested. However, there is a good side. There are laws to regulate testing. In Britain,these laws go way back to the 1876 Cruelty to Animals Act. This act set up a system of licensingPage 3and certification. This act was later replaced by the Animals Act of 1986. In the United States,there is an Animal Welfare Act that started in 1966 and has been amended five times. (the lastbeing in 1991) This act sets standards for transportation and husbandry of laboratory animals. Two other forms of protection for laboratory animals is the U.S. Public Health Service Guide forthe Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and the Health Research Extension Act of 1985. Bothof these regulate research funded by National Institutes of Health and require regular reports. They also require animal care and use committees.( Zurlo, Rudacille Goldberg, 1997) Finallyaccording to a chapter in Animals and Alternatives in Testing History, Science, and Ethics,written by J. Zurlo, D. Rudacille, and A.M. Rudacille, the best thing yet to protect laboratoryanimals is the establishment of Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUC). Thesecommittees review all procedures and facilities that have to do with the testing of an animal,whether or not pain will occur. They must make sure that the number of animals being used issufficient, and that the scientist are using the three Rs: 1. Refinement 2. Reduction 3. ReductionBesides these acts many scientist have acknowledged the fact that they have a responsibility tothese animals. They see that they need to respect the welfare of these animals by proper care,use, and an avoidance or minimization of distress, pain, and suffering. They also make sure thatanimals stay in good health because they know that animals i n poor health could cause seriousexperimental error, just like testing on water wouldnt be any good if it were preformed in a dirtycontainer.( Health safety alliance, abstract) Even though these protection acts, and good scientistare out there it doesnt make testing okay, just better. Testing still needs to be completelystopped. Page 4 Some companies refuse to acknowledge the fact that testing needs to be abolished. These arecompanies that continue to torture and kill these poor helpless animals. According to an abstractcalled Animal Testing by the Cosmetic Industry these companies and examples of their productsinclude: Unilever: Dove soap, Cutex, Wisk Laundry detergent, I Cant Believe its not Butter, Echo,Crem Silk shampooProctor and Gamble: Max Factor, Clarion, Cover Girl, Luvs, Pampers, Vidal Sassoon, Cresttoothpaste, Tide laundry detergent, Head and ShouldersColgate-Palmolive: Palmolive shampoo, Colgate toothpasteThese are just a few of the companies that are still testing the list goes on and on. However, thereare over 500 companies that are cruelty-free. These companies include: Avon and Revlon. There is yet another side to this. There are many companies that claim to be cruelty-free butreally arent. This may mean that the company itself hasnt tested on animals, but the companywhere it got its ingredients from has. There is no government standards to define this term soaccording to an online brochure by the Health and Safety Alliance, Not Tested on Animals can really mean:The exact final product formula was not tested on animals, but single ingredients oringredient combination was. The manufacturer did not conduct animal testing, but the ingredient supplier did. What does the claim Not Tested on Animals or Cruelty-Free really mean?The manufacture did testing in another country. Ingredients or the finished product have not been tested within the past five years. Page 5In reality most ingredients have been tested on animals at some time or another. However,companies have no business misleading consumers. There are some honest companies that dontmake the claim cruelty-free simply because of one of the above reasons. There is a question that remains on my mind: How could a company morally hurt pooranimals? Most people look at them at being nasty rats, but those nasty rats are warm bloodedcreatures that can feel pain, and besides 10-15 percent of these animals are dogs, cats, andmonkeys. (Chang, 1998) Now how could people promote hurting those household pets. Companies and supporters say that it is for our own well being. Well, I have shown a number ofalternatives that equally, if not more, effective. Besides, what about the animals well being?Many people believe that they have nothing to do with what companies do. However, withoutconsumers are what makes a company. So what can we do? I have made a list of possible waysto help: 1. Stop buying products that are tested on animals. This is simple enough. If a company loses alot of consumers for this reason then they will be forced to stop testing, and Im sure that anykind person can find it in their hearts to sacrifice a couple of their household products andpersonal items for the sake of these harmless creatures. Defining Patriotism EssayThe manufacturer did not conduct animal testing, but the ingredient supplier did. What does the claim Not Tested on Animals or Cruelty-Free really mean?The manufacture did testing in another country. Ingredients or the finished product have not been tested within the past five years. Page 5In reality most ingredients have been tested on animals at some time or another. However,companies have no business misleading consumers. There are some honest companies that dontmake the claim cruelty-free simply because of one of the above reasons. There is a question that remains on my mind: How could a company morally hurt pooranimals? Most people look at them at being nasty rats, but those nasty rats are warm bloodedcreatures that can feel pain, and besides 10-15 percent of these animals are dogs, cats, andmonkeys. (Chang, 1998) Now how could people promote hurting those household pets. Companies and supporters say that it is for our own well being. Well, I have shown a number ofalternatives that equally, if not more, effective. Besides, what about the animals well being?Many people believe that they have nothing to do with what companies do. However, withoutconsumers are what makes a company. So what can we do? I have made a list of possible waysto help: 1. Stop buying products that are tested on animals. This is simple enough. If a company loses alot of consumers for this reason then they will be forced to stop testing, and Im sure that anykind person can find it in their hearts to sacrifice a couple of their household products andpersonal items for the sake of these harmless creatures. 2. Write companies that test on animals. You dont have to get evil, just let them know that youcare enough to respond. 3. Write companies that do not test on animals. Let them know what a great job they are doing. This will cause them to keep up the good work. 4. If you really want to become involved, join an animal support group. These groups donate alot of their time fighting for the well being of animals. I dont know if testing on animals will ever be stopped. There will probably always be thosestubborn companies out there that just will not give in. However, we can try to abolish it. I have found out that in the last ten years animal research has dropped by 50 percent.(Chang, 1998) If Page 6we can only keep this trend continuous then everything will be just fine. Scientist and activistwant totally different things. I believe that with a little teamwork they can get on the samegrounds. For now maybe we can get the scientist to really promote the three Rs , especiallyreplacement. Its not abolishment..but its a start. English 112 April 2, 1999 Page 1Cosmetic Testing on Animals When most people go to the store to purchase cosmetics and household cleaners they usuallydont put too much thought into it. Most people do not realize that 14 million animals die andsuffer each year for these products that are almost meaningless to humans. (Shah, abstract)Cosmetic animal testing is a very big p roblem that gets greatly overlooked. It is a problem thathas lasted for centuries. As a matter of fact, according to the All for Animals Newsletter, animaltesting on cosmetics goes way back to the seventeenth century when animals were believed tofeel no pain. After it was proven that they could feel pain the testing stopped for a while. However, it began again in 1933 when a woman died from a mascara. After that incident theFood and Drug Administration passed an act for animal testing on cosmetics.(Issue 1) However,that act is no longer in effect, but companies continue to test on animals. There are several different types of tests used on animals each day. The two most commonones are the Draize Test and the LD50. The Draize test is an eye test named after a man by thename of John Draize. This test involves dropping a substance into an animals eye and watchingthe results.(All for Animals Newsletter, Issue 1) This test is usually preformed on albino rabbits,and it is done by clipping their eyes back. The painful results of this test include swelling of theeyelids, inflammation of the iris, ulceration, bleeding, blindness, and death resulting from brokennecks.(the animal breaks their neck in an attempt to get free). The LD50 or Lethal Dose 50 ispreformed by force-feeding a substance to a group of animals until fifty percent of them dies. Substances may also be pumped into the animals stomach, injected under the skin, into a vein, orinto the lining of the abdomen. This test, as well as the Draize test, is preformed withoutadministering no kind of painkillers.(Shah, abstract) Many health professionals agree that thesetests are crude and imprecise. (Shah, abstract) However, many scientist agree that these tests arevital in obtaining scientific test results that are reliable and accurate.(Health safety alliance,abstract) Page 2 No matter what any scientist says about cosmetic animal testing, there are reliablealternatives. As a matter of fact, some scientist have actually said that these alternatives arefaster, cheaper, and provide better information.( Health safety alliance, abstract) So what arethese alternatives? There are many of them. One very common one is the use of cell cultures,which is artificially grown cell cultures that come from the upper part of the skin and they reactjust like normal skin.(Chang, 1998) A ccording to Prof. Hans Junginger, this is the easiest way totest new ingredients as well as finished products. He also mentions that using these cultures willsave money as well as lives of animals.(abstract) Another popular alternative is the use ofcorneas from eye banks. This, of course, replaces the Draize test. (Shah, abstract) The followingare some more effective alternatives given in issue 2 of the All for Animals Newsletter: Eyetex: A test-tube procedure that measures eye irritancy via a protein alteration system. This replaces the Draize test. Skintex: A test-tube method to access skin irritancy that uses pumpkin rind to mimic thereaction of a foreign substance on human skin. Epi pack: Uses cloned human tissue to test potentially harmful substances. Neutral Red Bioassey: Cultured human cells that are used to compute the absorption of awater-soluble dye to measure relative toxicity. Testskin: Human skin grown in plastic bags is used to test irritancy. Topkat: computer software program that measures toxicity, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity,and teratonogenicity. So with all of these alternatives that are more cost effective, better predictors of human injury,provide quicker results, and dont hurt animals: Why dont all companies use them? The answeris that they have a fear for human safety and they fear product liability suits. There are no laws that say cosmetics have to be tested on animals nor is there one that says thatthey cant be tested. However, there is a good side. There are laws to regulate testing. In Britain,these laws go way back to the 1876 Cruelty to Animals Act. This act set up a system of licensingPage 3and certification. This act was later replaced by the Animals Act of 1986. In the United States,there is an Animal Welfare Act that started in 1966 and has been amended five times. (the lastbeing in 1991) This act sets standards for transportation and husbandry of laboratory animals. Two other forms of protection for laboratory animals is the U.S. Public Health Service Guide forthe Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and the Health Research Extension Act of 1985. Bothof these regulate research funded by National Institutes of Health and require regular reports. They also require animal care and use committees.( Zurlo, Rudacille Goldberg, 1997) Finallyaccording to a chapter in Animals and Alternatives in Testing History, Science, and Ethics,written by J. Zurlo, D. Rudacille, and A.M. Rudacille, the best thing yet to protect laboratoryanimals is the establishment of Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUC). Thesecommittees review all procedures and facilities that have to do with the testing of an animal,whether or not pain will occur. They must make sure that the number of animals being used issufficient, and that the scientist are using the three Rs: 1. Refinement 2. Reduction 3. ReductionBesides these acts many scientist have acknowledged the fact that they have a responsibility tothese animals. They see that they need to respect the welfare of these animals by proper care,use, a